NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 6 - Molecular Basis of Inheritance

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In a double stranded DNA; the amount of A + G = the amount of T + C is equal to one.
Moreover amount of Adenine = amount of thymine
and amount of Guanine = amount of cytosine
Since percentage of cytosine is 20%
∴ percentage of guanine also is 20%
Out of remaining 60%, 30% will be adenine and 30% will be thymine.

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5' GCAT GCAT GCAT GCAT GCAT GCAT GCAT 3'

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The sequence of mRNA shall be:
5'– U A C G U A C G U A C G U A C G U A C G U A C G U A C G – 3'.

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The semi-conservative mode of DNA replication hypothesized by Watson and Crick was based upon the property that during replication the two strands would separate and act as a template for the synthesis of new complementary strands. After the completion of replication, each DNA molecule would have one parental and one newly synthesized strand. This scheme was termed as ‘Semi-conservative’ DNA replication.

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Types of nucleic acid polymerases.

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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) worked with viruses that infect bacteria called bacteriophages. 1. They used radioactive sulphur (³⁵S) to identify protein and radioactive phosphorus (³²P) to identify the components of nucleic acid. 2. The bacteriophage on infection injects only the DNA into the bacterial cell and not the protein coat; the bacterial cell treats the viral DNA as its own and subsequently manufactures more virus particles. 3. They made two different preparations of the phage; in one, the DNA was made radioactive with ³²P and in the other, the protein coat was made radioactive with ³⁵S. 4. These two phage preparations were allowed to infect the bacterial cells separately. 5. Soon after infection, the cultures were gently agitated in a blender to separate the adhering protein coats of the virus from the bacterial cells. 6. The culture was also centrifuged to separate the viral coat and the bacterial cells. 7. Bacteria that were infected with viruses that had radioactive DNA were radioactive, indicating that DNA was the material that passed from the virus to the bacteria. 8. Bacteria that were infected with viruses that had radioactive proteins were not radioactive. 9. This indicates that proteins did not enter the bacteria from the viruses. 10. DNA is, therefore, the genetic material that is passed from virus to bacteria.

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Differences between Repetitive DNA and Satellite DNA

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Differences between mRNA and tRNA

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Differences between Template strand and coding strand

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Role of ribosomes.
1. Ribosomes usually form linear or helical groups during active protein synthesis called polyribosomes or polysomes.
2. Ribosome acts as catalyst for formation of peptide bond by an enzyme peptidyl transferase.

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The addition of lactose induced the lac operon. As lactose formed inducer-repression complex, the operator gene got switched on. As the lactose was digested by the action of enzymes repressor became free and operator gene gets switched off.

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(a) Promoter. It is the region of DNA where RNA polymerase attaches prior to the process of transcription.
(b) tRNA. Works as adaptor molecule for carrying amino acid to the mRNA template during protein synthesis. It bears anticodon and recognizes the specific
codon on mRNA.
(c) Exons. The region of a gene, which becomes part of mRNA and code for different regions of the protein are referred to exons.

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1. It is a mega project involving lot of money, most advanced techniques and numerous computers and scientists at work.
2. Human genome is said to bear 3 × 109 bp. Suppose cost for sequencing one bp is $3 US dollars, the total cost comes out to be 9 billion US dollars.
3. If such sequences are stored in books, with every page having 1000 letters and each book is of 1000 pages, total number of books formed will be 3300 to store the information present in single human cell.
4. Thus, for storing this data, high speed computers are required.
5. Depending upon high magnitude and requirements of the project, HGP has been called as mega project.

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DNA FINGERPRINTING. Technique of using DNA fragments, resulting from restriction endonuclease enzyme cleavage to identify particular individuals, is called DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting technique was developed by Alec Jeffery (1985, 86) at Leicester University, United Kingdom. Inheritance of DNA is very stable. Every person has specific pattern of DNA sequence which shows a combination of DNA sequence of both mother and father.
Applications of DNA Fingerprinting
1. Paternity disputes can be solved by DNA fingerprinting.
2. It can solve the problems of evolution.
3. It can be used to study the breeding patterns of animals facing the danger of extinction.
4. It is useful in restoring health of the patients suffering from the leukaemia (blood cancer).
5. It is very useful in the detection of crime and legal pursuits.

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(a) Transcription. Refer to Basis and Basics.
(b) Polymorphism. 1. Polymorphism (variation at genetic level) appears due to mutations. In simple terms, if inheritable mutation is observed in population at high frequency, it is referred to as DNA polymorphism.
2. The sequences which do not code for any proteins constitute bulk of human genome. Such sequences exhibit plenty of polymorphism.
3. DNA from tissues like skin, bone, saliva, sperm, blood, hair follicle represent the same type of polymorphism is responsible for forming the basis of DNA fingerprinting and Human Genome Project (HGP).
4. Paternity testing can be carried out by DNA fingerprinting because polymorphism is transmitted from parents to offspring.
5. Allelic sequence variation is called as DNA polymorphism if one allele or variant at a locus is found in human population with a frequency higher than 0.01.
6. There is a variety of types of polymorphism, ranging from single nucleotide change to very large scale change.
7. Such polymorphism plays very important role in speciation and evolution.
(c) Translation. Refer to Basis and Basics.
(d) Bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is a computerassisted interdisciplinary science which deals with acquisition, storage, management, access and processing of molecular biological data.
The term Bioinformatics is derived from two words:
‘‘Biology’’ and ‘‘Informatics’’ so bioinformatics concerns the creation and maintenance of databases of biological informations. It involves the application of computer science and information technology to analyse and manage biological data. The majority of such databases are in the form of nucleic acid sequences and the protein sequences derived from them. These databases are very essential for current and future biotechnology research. In the last few decades, advances in molecular biology and computer technology have led to rapid sequencing of large portions of genomes of several species and are responsible for the revolution in bioinformatics. Thus two main components of bioinformatics are:
1. Computational biology
2. Bioinformatics infrastructure.

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The molecular weight of DNA in prokaryotes is 2.6 × 10⁹ (E.coli) and molecular weight of DNA in Eukaryotes is 1.8 × 10¹² (humans). While the molecular weight of enzymes varies from 10,000 to one million. Thus, it can be concluded that DNA is bigger in molecular size than enzymes.

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Humans have 3 M of DNA per cell i.e. the molar concentration is 3