NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 - Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Answer:

The average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell is approximately 24 hours.

Answer:

Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.

Answer:

Some cells in the adult animals do not appear to exhibit division (e.g. heart cells) and many other cells divide only occasionally, as needed to replace cells that have been lost because of injury or cell death. These cells that do not divide further exit G1 phase to enter an inactive stage called quiescent stage (G₀) of the cell cycle. Cells in this stage remain metabolically active but no longer proliferate unless called on to do so depending on the requirement of the organism.

Answer:

Mitosis is a type of cell division in which chromosome replicate and become equally distributed both quantitatively and qualitatively into two daughter nuclei so that the daughter cells come to have the same number and type of chromosomes as are present in the parent cell. It is therefore, called equational division. It keeps the daughter cells to remain identical to each other as well as to their parental cell in genetic constitution.

Answer:

1. Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator-Metaphase
2. Centromere splits and chromatids separate -Anaphase
3. Pairing between homologous chro-mosomes takes place—Zygotene
4. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place—Pachytene.

Answer:

(a) Synapsis. The process of pairing together of homologous chromosomes is called synapsis. The pairing is such that the genes of the same character present on the two chromosome come to lie exactly opposite to each other. It occurs during zygotene stage of Prophase I of meiosis.

Synapsis.
(b) Bivalent. The pair of chromosomes formed due to synapsis during zygotene of prophase I of meiosis are referred to as bivalents.

Answer:

Differences between cytokinesis in plants and animals

Answer:

The four daughter cells formed during meiosis are equal in size in case of spermatogenesis where four equal size spermatozoa are formed whereas in case of oogenesis, one large sized ovum and three small sized polar bodies are formed and, so are unequal in size.

Answer:

Differences between anaphase of mitosis and anaphase I of meiosis.

Answer:

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer:

Significance of Meiosis

1. Formation of Gametes. The meiosis (reductional division) produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
2. Maintenance of chromosome number. Meiosis halves the chromosome number in gametes so that fertilization may restore the original diploid number in the zygote.
3. Introduction of Variations. Meiosis provides a chance for the formation of new combination of chromosomes. It brings about variations which cause evolution. The new combinations are produced (a) by crossing over in prophase I and by (b) random distribution of paternal and maternal (homologous) chromosomes between the daughter cells in anaphase I.
4. It avoids the multiplication of chro-mosomes and thus maintains the stability of the species.
5. Evidence of Basic Relationship of Organisms. Meiosis, being essentially similar in all sexually reproducing organisms, offers further evidence of the basic relationships of living organisms.

Answer:

1. In case of honey bees, both haploid and diploid individuals are found and such a state of occurrence is called haplodiploidy.
2. Pollen grains

Answer:

There cannot be mitosis without DNA replication in the S phase because mitosis is an equational division where the DNA content is doubled prior to division and then distributed equally in the two daughter cells after division. This maintenance of DNA content in the daughter cells is only possible when there is an initial doubling.

Answer:

Yes, there can be DNA replication without cell division as occurs in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila larvae. In this type of division, the DNA keeps on duplicating with the formation of multiple strands. These are giant, banded chromosomes derived from repeated duplication of the chromosome without any separation taking place and consists of upto 10,000 and sometimes even more DNA helices.

Answer:

Before the start of the cell division there are marked changes that occur in it. In the preparatory phase i.e. the Interphase, various cellular modifications occur. The most important of these take place in the S or synthesis phase of Interphase.
Here, intense DNA synthesis takes place such that the amount of DNA doubles. If the initial amount of DNA is denoted as 2C then it increases to 4C. However there is no increase in the number of chromosomes. If the cell had diploid state with 2n number of chromosomes initially then even at the end of S-phase the number of chromosomes remains the same i.e. 2n.