NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Chapter 7 - Physical Features of India

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(c) Peninsula

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(c) Purvanchal

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(b) Konkan

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(c) Mahendragiri

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Bhabar is a long narrow plain along the foot hills. It is pebble studded zone (8–16 km wide).
Rivers are lost in this region.

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The Himalayas have been uplifted by different mountain building movements. There are many parallel mountain ranges in the Himalayas. These ranges are separated from each other by longitudinal valleys called ‘Duns’. These ranges suggest different stages of folding. According to height, the different ranges are:
(a) The Great Himalayas or Inner Himalayas. (b) The Lesser Himalayas or Middle Himalayas. (c) The Shiwaliks or Outer Himalayas.
Karakoram ranges and Ladakh ranges are Trans-Himalayan ranges running parallel to one another. Zanskar ranges form the Great Himalayas. The lesser Himalayas in the form of Pir Panjal ranges and Dhauladhar ranges belong to middle Himalayas. The southernmost ranges of the Himalayas are known as the Shiwalik ranges.

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Malwa Plateau

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Lakshadweep

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India is a vast country where severe contrasts are found in relief. India is divided into 6 independent physiographic divisions:
(i) The Great Mountain Wall of the North; (ii) The Northern Plains; (iii) The Great Peninsular Plateau; (iv) The Great Indian Desert; (v) The Coastal Region; (vi) Islands.

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Northern Plains of India The Great Plain extends in between the Himalayas and the Peninsular Plateau extending from Punjab Plains to Assam Valley. It is 2,400 km long and 240 to 320 km wide. Its average height is 150 metres. It covers an area of 7.5 lakh sq. km.
Division of Northern Plain
(i) Bhabar and Terrai: It is a long, narrow zone along the foothills. It is a pebble studded zone. Swampy areas occur in Terai.
(ii) Punjab Plain: This plain has a slope in the South-West direction. It has been formed by the deposition of sediments by Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers. Chos (Seasonal streams) cause soil erosion in the foothills of Shiwaliks.
(iii) Ganga Plain: This plain has been formed by the deposition of sediments brought by the Ganga and its tributaries. It can be divided into three regions–upper Ganga plain, middle Ganga plain and the lower Ganga plain. It occupies an area of about 3.5 lakh sq. km. Sunderban Delta is formed in the lower Ganga plain. This fertile delta is the largest delta of the world.
(iv) Brahmaputra Plains: These plains are situated in the eastern part and are often known as Assam valley. The Brahmaputra river forms a large delta in Bangladesh. The river forms a narrow, deep gorge ‘Dihang gorge’ which is 12,000 metres deep.

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(i) The Indian Desert lies towards the western margin of the Aravallis. It is a sandy plain with the dunes. It has low rainfall of 150 mm. It has low vegetation cover and it has an arid climate.
(ii) The central highlands form the oldest structure of India. It is an ancient, stable, hard block formed by igneous and metamorphic rocks. It was a part of Gondwana land. The mountain ranges consist mostly of residual mountains. The plateaus consist of long narrow ridges which are storehouse of minerals.
(iii) There are about 550 islands in the Indian Ocean. Most of these islands are too small to be inhabited. These islands are found in the following groups:
(a) Andaman and Nicobar islands: These islands form two major groups in the Bay of Bengal. These are Andaman and Nicobar islands. These islands extend between 6$°$ and 14$°$ N latitudes for a distance of 500 kms and are 214 in number. The Nicobar group consists of 15 islands extending between 6$°$ N to 10$°$ N latitudes. Ten degree channel separates the Andaman group of islands from the Nicobar group. These islands form a Union Territory of India with Port Blair as its capital. Indira Point in the Nicobar island in the southernmost point of the Indian Union. These islands form the summits of the submerged hills of the ocean floor. Barren islands and Narcondam islands, situated in north of Port Blair are volcanic islands. Barren island is the only active volcano in India which erupted on 10th April 1991.
(b) Lakshadweep islands. These islands are situated in the Arabian Sea and lie 320 km off the coast of Kerala between 8$°$ and 12$°$ North latitudes. These are coral islands and some of these are ring shaped and called atolls. These are 27 in number and 17 of these are uninhabited. It is a U.T. with Kavarti as its capital. Pamban and Rameshwaram islands lie between India and Sri Lanka.

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Names of the glaciers
(a) Siachen Glacier–Ladakh
(b) Godwin Glacier–Ladakh
(c) Gangotri Glacier–Uttarakhand
(d) Yamunotri Glacier–Uttarakhand
Names of the passes
(a) Khyber Pass lies in the Safed Koh range of mountains connecting Peshawar in Pakistan with Kabul in Afghanistan.
(b) Shipkila Pass lies along Tibet border in Himachal Pradesh.
(c) Nathula Pass lies between Sikkim and China border.
(d) Zojila Pass connects Tibet to Srinagar.
(e) Bomdila Pass lies on Arunachal Pradesh-China border.
(f) Banihal Pass, south of Karakoram makes mountain journey possible.
(g) Lipu-Lekh Pass lies on U.P. -Tibet border.

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Many high peaks include Kanchenjunga (8,598 metres) in Sikkim, the highest Himalayan peak in India.