NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 5 - United Nations and Its Organisations

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(i) TRUE

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(i) TRUE

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(ii) FALSE

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(i) TRUE

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(i) TRUE

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(i) TRUE

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(i) TRUE

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(ii) FALSE

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All of the above.

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(ii) International Atomic Energy Agency.

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(i) General Agreement on Trade and Tariff

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Maintenance of International peace and security

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Secretary General

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Five and Ten

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Antonio Guterres

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1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b)

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Security Council is the most important and most powerful organ of the U.N. The following are the main functions of Security Council :

1. The admission of new states to the organisation and the expulsion therefrom can only be done on the recommendation of the Security Council.
2. It makes recommendations to the General Assembly for the appointment of the General Secretary.
3. It can take any measure necessary to maintain or restore international peace.
4. It can ask the contesting parties to solve their conflicts by peaceful means, like negotiation, enquiry and mediation.
5. The Security Council may decide measures, not involving the use of armed force, to be employed to give effect to its decisions.
6. The Security Council may take such action by air, sea or land force, as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security.
7. It shares with the General Assembly the function of electing judges to the International Court of Justice and write to request the court for advisory opinion on legal matters.

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India has raised the question of restructuring the Security Council. Addressing the General Assembly on Sept. 26, 1998, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee put India’s claim for a permanent seat in the Security Council. As a citizen of India I am of the view that India should be made permanent member of the Security Council. India rightly deserves a permanent seat in the Security Council because it fulfils almost all the criteria laid down by the U.N.

1. India is the second most populous country in the world comprising almost one-fifth of the world population.
2. India is the largest democratic country in the world.
3. India has full faith in the U.N. and it has actively participated in all initiatives of the United Nations.
4. India has played an important role in the peacekeeping efforts of the U.N.
5. India has made regular financial contributions to the U.N.
6. India’s economy is increasing rapidly. India is now a developing country. Its economy is on sound footing.
7. India has always helped the dependent countries in the attainment of freedom.
8. India has played a very important role in furthering the efforts of the non-aligned movement for peace, security and development.
9. India has conducted nuclear tests successfully to safeguard the security of India.

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Now a days a demand for reform in the United Nation is being made. Two kinds of reforms are being demanded in the U.N., i.e.

1. Structural reforms
2. Jurisdiction of the U.N.

Both these reforms are needed to make U.N. successful. But the various reforms which are suggested are not implemented due to the following difficulties :

1. There is no agreement among the permanent members of the Security Council on the composition of Security Council. Several bases are being considered for permanent seat but there is no consensus among the big powers.
2. Former Secretary General Kofi Anan has suggested some reforms in the jurisdiction of the U.N. but these reforms are not put into practice. In fact, it is very difficult to implement the various reforms due to difference among big powers.

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The United Nations is outcome of man’s effort to save the world from the scourge of wars. The U.N. came into being on 24 October, 1945. The basic aim of the U.N. is to maintain international peace and security. Although U.N. is trying hard for the all round progress of the world but it has failed on many platforms. It has failed to solve Kashmir problem. The dispute between the Israel and Arab countries has not been solved so far. The U.N. has also failed to meet the situation of Civil war in Angola. Though the U.N. has failed in preventing wars and related miseries, nations prefer its continuation because U.N. is an indispensable organisation. The works it has done in past years are undoubtedly appreciable and these works are the marks of U.N.’s sincerity, dedication and commitment to the cause of World’s peace and progress. The greatest achievement of the U.N. is the prevention of third world war. The wars in Korea, Israel and Indonesia have been stopped with the efforts of U.N. The war between India and Pakistan on Kashmir issue was brought to an end. It brought about a cease fire in Kashmir and it deserves credit for that. It has removed foreign troops from Syria, Lebanon, Burma and Iran. The U.N. has attained success in the areas of international cooperation and friendship. It has done appreciable work for the economic and social development. The U.N. is giving technical assistance to develop less industrialised countries. Specialised agencies such as I.L.O., UNESCO, W.H.O., etc. have played a very important role in solving economic, social, health and labour problems of the world. No doubt, U.N. is an indispensable organisation. Though U.N. has failed on many fronts, it does not lessen its importance.

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United Nations was established in 1945 and now it needs reforms in structure and working. Some scholars are of the opinion that reforming the United Nations means restructuring of the Security Council. I fully agree with this view. In fact if we are really interested in reforming the U.N., then we must reform the Security Council. Security Council is one of the most important organs of the United Nations. Security Council is mainly responsible for maintaining international peace and security. The Security Council may decide measures not involving the use of armed forces, to be employed to give effect to its decision. The Security Council may take such action by air, sea or land force, as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. The Security Council consists of 15 members, five of which are permanent members. The permanent members enjoy Veto power. If we want to reform the U.N. then reforms should be made in the Security Council because it is one of the most powerful organs of the U.N. The Security Council reflects the global power structure of 1945, when many nations of the world were still under colonial rule. Security Council is geographically unbalanced and not properly represented. For more than a decade, the U.N. General Assembly has debated to reform the Security Council but no reform has been made due to lack of agreement among the permanent members of the Security Council.